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English: The static theory of the structure of the atom, or the model of the atom (Chukichev D.V. 2014) (Ста́тика (from the Greek στατός, "immovable") - the basic model of the atom, based on the static position of electrons in the atom due to the combined electromagnetic forces of electrons. Based on because the electron is a complex, combined dipole structure arising from the fusion of elementary carriers of both positive and negative charges. the charges do not annihilate, but retain their physical properties, creating sectors of negative and positive magnetic fields. At the same time, the total conventional charge of the dipole electron is -1. Electrons interact with each other, attracted by different poles of magnetic fields, until the same magnetic fields of different electrons stop. convergence, both between the electrons themselves and between the electrons and the nucleus of the atom.Thus, the volume of the atom is created from the combination of the voltages of the different magnetic fields. These fields align the locations of electrons around the nucleus in the form of electron layers (spheres). These same magnetic fields of electrons of different atoms create chemical and physical interactions between atoms in the form of molecules, crystal structures, aggregate states, etc. The static structure of an atom is a self-regulating stable structure with a balance of electromagnetic forces, where the charge of the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons. The static model of the atom falls under the laws of classical mechanics, eliminating the inventions of quantum physics, which invented more and more new postulates to somehow justify the volume of the atom.
Over time, the static model of the atom may replace Rutherford's model, Thomson's model Nothing can be relatively eternal than a static state of matter. Static theory of atomic structure. (The author of the theory is Dmyro Vitaliyovych Chukichev (Ukraine) 2014). Details of the proofs of the theory on the Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100069923056093 (Each theory has the right to exist until it has been disproved by irrefutable evidence.) The dynamic (planetary) theory of the atom model is based on the dynamics of the movement of electrons around the nucleus. In the planetary theory, an electron is an elementary carrier of an elementary negative charge. The nucleus of an atom has a positive charge. According to Coulomb's law, a negatively charged particle is attracted to a positively charged particle. And the smaller the distance between them, the more the force of attraction increases in geometric progression. According to the logic of the laws of physics, an electron should fall on the nucleus of an atom (nuclear reaction). Despite this absurdity, scientists of that time accepted the planetary theory of the structure of the atom, based on the assumption of the movement of electrons around the nucleus of the atom. Scientists of the beginning of the 20th century looked at the sky, at the "eternal" movement of the planets around the Sun and extrapolated the model of the Solar System to the structure of the atom. The basis of the existence of the solar system is described by Newton's laws, where the mass of bodies, the force of attraction of bodies (gravity), the distance between bodies and their speed are mutually related. The smaller the distance between the bodies at constant mass, the greater the radial velocity, which compensates for the gravitational attraction of the bodies by the centrifugal force of orbital motion. The balance of these forces creates the conditions for the "eternal" circular motion of the planets around the Sun. The influence of a cosmic body from outside the Solar System is enough, as the balance of "eternal" motion will be disturbed and destroy the stability of the Solar System. The atom is constantly affected by external forces. These include mechanical effects, chemical reactions, thermal, electrical, and magnetic effects. But the atom remains unchanged and almost "eternal". What ensures its incredible strength? What cement held together the electrons, which according to Coulomb's law should have moved as far as possible. Instead, the outer electron layers of different atoms attract each other, creating strong molecules from atoms, which contradicts Coulomb's law. Science currently has no practical evidence of the "eternal" circular motion of electrons around the nucleus of an atom. The movement of electrons itself requires constant energy. Therefore, scientists of that time began to supplement the planetary model of the atom with new inventions about the wave duality of the electron, where energy is not wasted. Although, the movement of an electron along a conductor (electric current) creates a magnetic field. This field does the work. Therefore, the energy of the electron's motion is transferred outside the conductor and the electron loses energy. On the other hand, the movement of an electron around the nucleus in an atom, according to the invention of Bohr, Planck, does not create a magnetic field and does not lose energy. The electron thus turns into a wave and a material particle at the same time. But the creation of a wave (a manifestation of energy) also requires energy consumption. Wind energy creates waves on the sea. No energy will be applied, there will be no waves. In the planetary theory of the model of the atom, the main law of physics - the law of conservation of energy - is violated. Static theory of the atom model. The static theory of the atom model is based on only one assumption - the electron is a complex, combined, dipole structure, which is based on a new law of physics discovered in 2014. : "elementary carriers of elementary charges cannot exist for long and necessarily merge with the carrier of the opposite charge, creating a combined particle where the charges are stored and create different fields of magnetic influence." An electron is such a combined particle, where elementary carriers of opposite charges create sectoral electromagnetic fields. Opposite fields of neighboring electrons attract. Electrons converge to a distance as long as the same magnetic fields stop the electrons from approaching. The same thing happens between the positively charged nucleus of an atom and an electron. The positive charge of the electron stops the electron from approaching the nucleus. Electrons in combinations of different sectors of different magnetic fields hang in the space of the atom, being clearly distributed relative to other electrons and the nucleus of the atom. Therefore, the atom has the shape of a sphere with the nucleus of the atom in the center and electron layers. Since the masses of electrons are small relative to the nucleus, the atom appears to us to be hollow. This volume of the atom is filled with static forces of various magnetic fields. If another atom intervenes in this combination of fields during a chemical reaction, the magnetic fields of the outer electronic layers in the molecule are redistributed with the release of energy (exothermic chemical reactions). It is also worth mentioning the electrons in the electric current. The loss of an electron by an atom will lead to redistribution of the outer electronic layer, physical and chemical changes in the properties of the atom. A lithium atom cannot turn into a helium atom due to the loss of an electron. Therefore, the electric current The static theory of the structure of the atom explains differently. An electron loses one of its elementary particles, the carrier of a negative charge. This carrier, moving in an electric current, returns to the electron due to the change in the total charge of the electron from negative to positive. According to Coulomb's law, an electron particle is attracted back, and the energy of separation of an electron particle is equal to the energy of attraction to this electron. That is, the energy of the electric current generator after the detachment of an electron particle is equal to the work of this particle during its return. A logical question arises: if an electron has lost an elementary particle, the carrier of an elementary negative charge, then the electron becomes positively charged and can leave the atom due to repulsion with the positively charged nucleus. But this is not happening. Conclusion: an electron can have several elementary carriers of negative charges, and the loss of one of them does not significantly change the properties of the electron. The minimum volume in space is created by four points (tetrahedron). Currently, science has recorded the existence of a new particle - the positron, which is similar in mass to the electron, but has the opposite positive charge. Based on logic, I can assume that the positron is nothing but an electron that has lost its elementary carriers of elementary negative charges, or lost only a part of such carriers, changing the total charge to positive. The logical structure of the electron arises. At the center of the electron is a positron with a positive charge. Along the perimeter, there are several carriers of negative charges, their total value is greater than the charge of a positron. Therefore, science conventionally noted the charge of an electron as -1. Several carriers of negative charges can be many (the number is unknown). Science has neither proven nor disproved this. Therefore, I took as a basis four carriers of negative charges, the minimum number of which can create volume. He called them tetrons. Thus, the electron is a complex combined dipole particle consisting of a positive positron and four negative tetrons. (The tetron is the basic particle of electric current.) https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.206752963141722&type=3 ) |
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| Source | Own work |
| Author | Чукічев Дмитро Віталійович |
In the simulation, the electron is represented as a tetrahedron. The planes of the electron tetrahedra have different magnetic fields and interact with other electrons. Thus, the electrons of the previous electronic layer of the atom affect the location of the electrons of the next electronic layer, forming a rhombus (in profile, a six-pointed star) from two tetrahedra. Therefore, the number of elements is repeated in the periodic table of elements (2 and 3 periods - 8 elements each; 4 and 5 periods 18 elements each; 6 and 7 periods 32 elements each).
When transitioning from the 1st period to the 2nd period (from 3 to 4, from 5 to 6), the electrons of the outer layer occupy places equidistant from the electrons of the previous period. At the same time, the electrons of the outer layer interact with each other, creating electron belts, as in the nickel atom, and polar "daisies" of 7 electrons, as in the lanthanide group (14 electrons). Different combinations of electrons of the outer layer give individual features of the element, its chemical activity, valence, crystal lattice, state of aggregation, melting point, boiling point... The mathematical (geometric) proof of the static theory of the structure of the atom consists in the assumption that the electrons of different layers are nothing but electromagnetic spheres that contact each other at the points indicated in the diagram. If we take the radius of the helium atom as a basis, then the area of the circle that passes through the center of the atom's nucleus will be 3.14 conventional units. Then the area of the sphere of the next electronic layer for neon - argon (a rhombus in the layer in the form of interaction between layers 2 and 3 of the period) with a sphere radius of 1.75 u.o. is 38.48 u.o. in a square Divide by 8 electrons. We obtain the area of the electron on the area of the electronic sphere of 2-3 periods of the table of elements, equal to 4.8 u.o. in a square We determine the radii of the spheres by the contact points of the layers of different periods. We calculate the areas of these spheres. For the boundary between the 4th and 5th periods (radius 2.625 u.o.), the area of the sphere is 86.59 u.o. in a square For the boundary between periods 6 and 7 (radius 3.5 u.o.), the area of the sphere is 153.931 u.o. in a square We divide these areas of the spheres by the area of one electron (4.8 u.o. squared). We get discrete numbers: 18 and 32 areas of electrons are placed on the area of spheres. Conclusion: electrons of one period are packed in a single layer of 8, or 18, or 32 electrons, which corresponds to the number of elements in the periods of Mendeleev's table of elements. https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.417129317294500&type=3
If we allow the extrapolation of electrons to the shape of a cube for a clear visual positioning of electrons in space, then the vertices of the cube (8 electrons) on the surface of the sphere will reflect the neon atom. If we place the electrons between the electrons of the neon atom (the corner points of the cube), we get the positions of the krypton atom (12 electrons in the middle of the edges of the cube and 6 electrons in the middle of the 6 faces of the cube = 18 electrons). If we place the electrons between the 18 electrons on the surface of the cube, we get (8 electrons at the corners of the cube, four electrons on each face of the cube 6*4 + 8 = 32 electrons (radon atom)). If we extrapolate the electrons from the cube to the surface of the sphere, we will get the positions of the electrons in the electronic layers of the atom, where the distances between the electrons will be equal to each other. The electromagnetic forces of each electron themselves form the atomic space and the number of electrons in each layer. This method of determining the positions of electrons is called cubic modeling. With the help of cubic modeling, it is possible to simulate the location of atoms in complex molecules and to visualize the process of a chemical reaction itself, to model chemical reactions still unknown to science and the conditions for conducting these reactions. How does cubic modeling work? The cubic modeling scheme shows molecules of ammonia, acetylene, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, benzene, ozone, and carbon nanotubes. Vacancies (empty places not occupied by electrons) in one atom (electron acceptor) attract the electrons of the second atom (electron donor), or are mutually attracted when the atoms are the same. How does the Static theory of atomic structure work during chemical reactions? On the example of a nickel atom: Ni has 28 electrons (period 4) (2;8;8;10). The outer electron shell has 10 electrons. 8 electrons create a closed belt along the equator of the atom and become inert for chemical reactions. Two electrons at the poles of the electron shell are electron donors. The valency of nickel is +2. But nickel also exhibits a valency of +3. Such compounds are unstable, since the donor of the 3rd electron of the nickel atom is from a closed ring and is well held by the electron ring, that is, it exhibits inert properties. Thus, Ni2O3 is an unstable compound and quickly decomposes into NiO and atomic oxygen (Ni2O3=NiO+O), i.e. it is a strong oxidizing agent. The previous element before nickel in the table of elements – cobalt has a stable valency of +3, (Co2O3 is a stable molecule) since its ring is not connected and the electrons of the ring can be electron donors or acceptors, thus showing both reducing and oxidizing properties . The lanthanide group has a valence of +3 and in some cases +4 due to the formation of a daisy-like cluster of 7 electrons, or dimeric molecules, at the poles of the outer electron layer. Thus, the group of lanthanides and actinoids is 14 elements each (7+7). The formation of electrons at the poles deforms the atoms, reducing their radii (lanthanide compression depends on the formation of zones from electrons at the poles). The lanthanide group has a valence of +3 and in some cases +4 due to the formation of a daisy-like cluster of 7 electrons, or dimeric molecules, at the poles of the outer electron layer. Thus, the group of lanthanides and actinoids is 14 elements each (7+7). The formation of electrons at the poles deforms the atoms, reducing their radii (lanthanide compression depends on the formation of zones from electrons at the poles). https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.666322145708548&type=3 The sequence of filling the outer layer with electrons is shown in the diagrams. The table of elements with the positions of electrons in the outer electron shell provide clues to understanding physical and chemical reactions. The static theory of the structure of the atom can become the key to new scientific discoveries in the future, when a scientist understands and visualizes the process at the level of the interaction of electrons within an atom and between atoms, the balance of the flow or displacement of electrons, new types of materials, batteries, galvanic cells, composite alloys... The study of the static theory of the structure of atoms in the school course will give a quick understanding of physics and chemistry, will create conditions for scientific progress in applied sciences. The planetary model of the structure of the atom did not provide any practical clues for scientists (History of World Inventions).
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