Vakisini ya Siriimu

Vakisini y’akawaku ka HIV

VAKISINI y’akawuka HIV esobola okwogerwako nga vakisini esobola okukozesebwa n’egema oba okutangira abantu abatalina kawuka ako (HIV) okubakwata oba esobola okuleetawo embeera esobola okutaataganya embeera y’akawuka ako mu mubiri gw’omuntu (therapeutic effect). Mu kiseera kino, tewali ddagala ligema HIV, akawuka akaleeta siriimu kyokka pulojekiti nnyingi ezikola ku kunoonyereza ezigenda mu maaso. Waliwo obukakafu nti eddagala erigema lisobola okufunika. Okunoonyereza okukoleddwa (monoclonal antibodies (MAb) kukikakasizza nti omubiri gw’omuntu gusobola okwetangira akawuka ka HIV era abantu abamu basobolera ddala okubeera mu mbeera nga balina akawuka ako kyokka nga tebalaga bubonero bwonna okumala emyaka n’emyaka (asymptomatic). Eddagala erizaamu abantu essuubi okusobola okulwanyisa akawuka kano nga kakafunibwa mu mubiri eribadde mu kugezesebwa okwenjawulo bitandise okuwulirwa era ng’ebisooka ku mutendera gw’okugezesebwa ku bantu clinical trials bitandise okuwulirwa. Vakisini y’akawuka ka HIV emu emulisizza ku ssuubi ly’okufuna essuubi yekkenneenyezebwa mu kunoonyereza RV 144 okwakolebwa mu Thailand nga kwatandika mu 2003 era ebyavaamu ebyaalimu essuubi ne bifunibwa mu 2009. Okugezesa kungi tekuli ky’amaanyi kyavuddemu omuli n’omusomo STEP n’okugezesa HVTN 505.

Okutunuulira ensonga mu bugazi bwayo

Obwetaavu bw’okufuna eddagala lino buva ku nsonga nti endwadde ezitta abantu nga zeekuusa ku kawuka ka HIV akaleeta embeera ya siriimu kukunukiriza mu bukadde 25 okuva 1981. Mu 2002, siriimu yatuuka ku ssa ly’okuba nti ye yali endwadde eyali ekyasinze okuvaako abantu bangi okufa mu Afrika. Eddagala eritali ligema erisobola okujjanjaba ku Siriimu lyo weeriri. Enzijjanjaba y’ebika by’eddagala ery’enjawulo (Highly Active Antiretriviral Therapy (HAART)) likoze omulimu mulungi okuweweeza ku mbeera y’abalwadde okuva lwe lyateebwa ku katale. Obujjanjabi obwesigamiziddwa ku nkola eyo eya HAART, buyamba okukkakkaanya ku mbeera y’omulwadde n’obubonero kyokka nga tebuwonya bulwadde wadde obubonero bwa siriimu. Ekikulu ennyo, HAART tetangira kusaasaanya kw’akawuka mu bantu ababa bakebereddwa ne bazuulwa nga ddala tebalina kawuka. Olw’okuba mu mawanga agasinga abantu balemeddwa okwettanira enkola y’okuva ku bikolwa eby’okumala geegatta mu bikolwa eby’omukwano, okuvumbula eddagala erigema abatannakwatibwa lye kkubo eririna okwettanirwa. Wabula wadde kiri kityo, oluvannyuma lw’emyaka egikunukiriza mwaka 20, akawuka ka HIV-1 kakyatakuza abakenkufu emitwe okuzuula eddagala erigema.

Obuzibu mu kukola eddagala erigema

Mu 1984, oluvannyuma lw’abakugu okwekenneenya enkula y’akawuka akali kavaako siriimu, bannasaayansi okuva mu US National Institutes of Health nePasteur Institute, minisita wa Amerika ow’ebyobulamu n’empereeza yaabyo, Margaret Heckler yalangirira nti eddagala erigema lyali lyakufunika mu myaka ebiri. Wabula okunoonyereza okwaddirira okwakolebwa okwefaananyiriza okulala okw’eddagala erigema endwadde ezireetebwa obuwuka bwa vayiraasi, kwalemererwa okwawula ekika ky’ekiriisa kya proteins ekyebuungulula akawuka ka HIV-1. Waliwo abagamba nti vakisini ya HIV eyinza obutasoboka bwe wataabeewo okugenda mu maaso ku kuteegera ku kawuka kano kusukkulumye. Waliwo ensonga ezifudde omulimu gw’okuzuula eddagala erigema akawuka kano omuzibu okwawukanako ku kunoonyereza ku vakisini ezigema eddwande endala:

1. Vakisini ezisinga zitangira ndwadde(protect against disease) si kusiigibwa (not against infection), akawuka ka HIV kasobola okumala ebbanga eggwanvu nga tekannaleetera muntu kulwala siriimu.

2. Vakisini ezisinga zikolebwa kuva mu buwuka obuba obufu oba obulamu obuba bukyusiddwakyusiddwa (attenuated organisms), akawuka ka HIV-1 akattiddwa tekasigala mu mbeera y’emu ey’obutonde (killed HIV-1do not retain antigenicity) so ng’ate okukozesa akawuka akalamu (retrovirus) mu vakisini kulina obuzibu obukyeraliikirirwako.

3. Ekirala vakisini ezisinga zikolebwa kukuuma mubiri ku bulumbaganyi obutateera kugulumbalumbai, ebyembi akawuka ka HIV kalina omukisa munene okukwata abantu naddala abeenyigira mu makubo mwe kayita ebiseera ebisinga.

4. Vakisini ezisinga kuyamba ku ndwadde ezifunibwa okuyita mu mikutu gy’omukka (respiratory tract) ne mu byenda (Gastrointestinal tract) so ng’ate okusigibwa kwa kawuka ka HIV okusiga kuyita mu mikutu gy’abitundu by’ekyama (Genital tract)

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